diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 432a14e..940ecb8 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -32,6 +32,33 @@ Format follows [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.1.0/); version
 
 ### Fixed
 
+- **A message Postfix gave up on no longer stays "deferred" for ever.**
+  Postfix records the end of a message's queue lifetime in one line for the
+  whole message, without the recipients; the panel waited for a line per
+  recipient that Postfix never writes, and the reconcile sweep closed only
+  `queued` rows, so such rows said `deferred` until they were pruned. The
+  log tailer now reads that line and closes the message's rows as
+  `bounced`; the sweep also closes a `deferred` row whose message Postfix no
+  longer holds (which covers the rows left so far, and `postsuper -d`); a
+  message forced to expire (`postsuper -e`, `#` in the queue listing) is
+  still counted as held (audit 2026-10-12, stage 2c; assumptions A-8,
+  B-PQ1).
+- **Postfix's time values are read as Postfix reads them.** A bare number
+  took seconds, so `maximal_queue_lifetime = 3` was three seconds to the
+  panel and three days to Postfix; `1h7m` was 67 minutes to the panel and
+  one hour to Postfix. A value now takes the parameter's own default unit
+  and one unit only; `$name` references are expanded; a
+  `bounce_queue_lifetime` longer than `maximal_queue_lifetime` is cut to it,
+  as Postfix's queue manager does (assumptions B-PQ10, B-PQ11).
+- **A refusal's line goes on the right application's row.** Postfix's line
+  about a refusal at `MAIL FROM` was matched to its row by client address,
+  sender and time; two applications behind one address sending as one
+  sender could take each other's line. The line carries the login after
+  all, and the match now uses it. A login read from smtpd's `client=` line
+  no longer keeps a trailing comma when the client also gave `AUTH=` on
+  `MAIL FROM`. A refusal written from `mail.log` after a restart says that
+  Postfix's line names the last recipient only (assumptions A-15, A-21,
+  A-23).
 - **A bounce is judged by the filter lists as the panel counts it.**
   rspamd's sender rules took a bounce's `From:` header when the envelope
   sender was empty, so a bounce could be refused or allowed by an entry the
diff --git a/docs/architecture.md b/docs/architecture.md
index 178a0b1..a94e13d 100644
--- a/docs/architecture.md
+++ b/docs/architecture.md
@@ -186,10 +186,15 @@ domain is added or deleted.
 One process, five roles (six with the inbound relay on):
 
 1. **HTTP server** — `:8080` (`PANEL_HTTP_ADDR`); HTTPS terminated by reverse
-   proxy only. On start it runs `postconf -h` once for the deferred-mail retry
+   proxy only. On start it runs `postconf -h -x` once for the deferred-mail retry
    parameters (`queue_run_delay`, `minimal_backoff_time`,
    `maximal_backoff_time`, `maximal_queue_lifetime`, `bounce_queue_lifetime`,
-   `delay_warning_time`) and caches the snapshot on the handlers config. The
+   `delay_warning_time`), reads each as Postfix does - one number and one
+   unit, the parameter's own default unit when there is none (`5d` for the
+   lifetimes, so a bare `3` is three days), `bounce_queue_lifetime` capped at
+   `maximal_queue_lifetime` as qmgr caps it (Postfix 3.7.11,
+   `src/global/conv_time.c`, `src/qmgr/qmgr.c`) - and caches the snapshot on
+   the handlers config. The
    Outbound queue box and a delivery's `deferred` / `bounced` history print those
    numbers; they never call `postconf` per request. If `postconf` is missing,
    the panel logs a warning and uses Postfix 3.x compiled-in defaults
@@ -432,8 +437,11 @@ judged); the sender check writes it on the row, and the message's page shows
 the lines stored under it - only those of the minutes around the refusal, since
 Postfix frees the id at once. A message the journal milter refused at
 `MAIL FROM` has none: the tailer reads smtpd's `NOQUEUE: milter-reject: MAIL
-from <client>[<address>]: …; from=<…>` - it names no login - and puts it on
-the newest refused row of that client address and sender within two minutes
+from <client>[<address>]: …; from=<…> … sasl_username=<login>` - the login is
+Postfix's last field on an authenticated session (Postfix 3.7.11,
+`src/smtpd/smtpd.c`, `smtpd_whatsup()`), and a line without one is no
+application's - and puts it on the nearest refused row of that client
+address, login and sender within two minutes
 (`send_log.refusal_line`; the milter writes `send_log.client_ip`), retrying
 for 30 s when the row is not written yet; a line already on a row goes on no
 other. The sender check writes its
@@ -441,13 +449,23 @@ row through a buffer after answering 550; a panel stopped in between wrote
 none. The tailer remembers each queue id's login from smtpd's `client=` line,
 and 30 s after cleanup's `milter-reject: END-OF-MESSAGE … 5.7.1 From:` line it
 writes the row from the line if no refused row of that id exists
-(`send_log.recovered`, shown on the page). It reads from its saved offset, so
+(`send_log.recovered`, shown on the page). cleanup's line names one
+recipient, the message's last (`src/cleanup/cleanup_milter.c`), so a row
+written from it has that one, which its page says. It reads from its saved offset, so
 a kill is covered as well as a clean stop.
 
+**Expiry.** A message Postfix gives up on at the end of its queue lifetime has
+no line per recipient: qmgr writes one line for the message, `<id>:
+from=<...>, status=expired, returned to sender` (`force-expired` after
+`postsuper -e`; Postfix 3.7.11, `src/qmgr/qmgr_active.c`,
+`qmgr_active_done_25_generic()`), and the recipients' last lines say
+`deferred`. The tailer reads that line and closes the message's open rows -
+each recipient's newest, `queued` or `deferred` - as `bounced`.
+
 **Queue reconcile** is the backstop for what the log cannot explain at all: a
-row still `queued` more than two minutes after it was accepted, whose queue id
-`postqueue -p` no longer lists, is marked `bounced` with the reason
-`reconcile` (swept every five minutes,
+row still open - `queued`, or `deferred` and waiting - more than two minutes
+after it was accepted, whose queue id `postqueue -p` no longer lists, is
+marked `bounced` with the reason `reconcile` (swept every five minutes,
 [internal/logtail](../internal/logtail/logtail.go),
 [postfix.QueueIDs](../internal/postfix/queue.go)). Postfix having dropped the
 message means nothing more will ever be reported about it, so the row can only
@@ -458,8 +476,12 @@ end-of-file once (on a restart the log itself holds the answer); the two-minute
 grace covers messages merely in flight; a `postqueue` that cannot be read, or
 whose listing is over the 4 MiB cap, leaves every row untouched rather than
 closing them all or those past the cut; and the close, by the row's id, is
-conditional on the row still being `queued`, so a status the log wrote in the
-meantime stands. A delivery line updates only the newest row of its queue id
+conditional on the row still being open, so a final status the log wrote in
+the meantime stands. A deferred row is the sweep's too because Postfix can
+drop a deferred message without a final line for its recipients: at expiry
+before `2.5.2` read that line, and with `postsuper -d`, which logs only
+`removed`. The listing's `#` - a message forced to expire - is read as part
+of the id's flags (`src/postqueue/showq_compat.c`, `showq_message()`). A delivery line updates only the newest row of its queue id
 and recipient: Postfix reuses a short queue id once the message has left the
 queue, and an old row must not be rewritten. `UpdateStatus`'s transaction
 starts with a write, so a commit by the `dmarc-ingest` process in between
@@ -471,16 +493,18 @@ or deleted — or that the tailer was not reading.
 Whether the sweep earns its place is measured, not argued (audit 2026-10-12,
 H3). `delivery_log_days` (migration `0007`) keeps, per UTC day for a year:
 `reconcile_closed`, the rows the sweep closed; `reconcile_missed`, those of
-them whose delivery line was in `mail.log` or `mail.log.1` when the sweep
-closed them - the tailer did not read a line that was there, which is what a
-lost line looks like (it is never read late); `reconcile_contradicted`, those
+them whose final line - sent, bounced, or the message's expiry - was in
+`mail.log` or `mail.log.1` when the sweep closed them - the tailer did not
+read a line that was there, which is what a lost line looks like (it is never
+read late; a deferred line is not one, a deferred row has it by definition); `reconcile_contradicted`, those
 a delivery line read later gave a status - the log's status replaces the
 sweep's and the row's reason becomes `reconcile-contradicted`, so a row counts
 once and can be found; `tailer_blind_seconds`, the time `follow()` could not
 read `mail.log` (the file gone, reopening it failing; stretches under three
 seconds - a rotation's tick between rename and create, which loses nothing -
-are not counted); and `queued_over_lifetime`, the rows still `queued` past the
-queue lifetime plus a maximal backoff, as the day's last sweep saw them - rows
+are not counted); and `queued_over_lifetime`, the rows still open (`queued`
+or `deferred`; `queued` only before `2.5.2`) past the queue lifetime plus a
+maximal backoff, as the day's last sweep saw them - rows
 stuck although the sweep runs (mail on hold, or a queue that could not be
 listed). What removing the sweep would leave queued is closed − missed −
 contradicted: the rows nothing in the log ever resolved. No page shows the
@@ -529,8 +553,8 @@ reads them:
 - **Which lines are a row's.** Postfix reuses a queue id once the message has
   left the queue, and a row outlives that by months. `SendLogLines` gives a row
   the lines of its queue id dated from one hour before the row was written to
-  the queue lifetime (the larger of `maximal_queue_lifetime` and
-  `bounce_queue_lifetime`) plus a day after it. That limits a chance reuse of
+  the queue lifetime (`maximal_queue_lifetime`, which `bounce_queue_lifetime`
+  cannot exceed) plus a day after it. That limits a chance reuse of
   the id to those days; it does not exclude it. A message with several
   recipients is several rows under one id, and each row's page shows all of
   the message's lines.
diff --git a/docs/guide.md b/docs/guide.md
index 89f7ec6..c6ff763 100644
--- a/docs/guide.md
+++ b/docs/guide.md
@@ -1268,8 +1268,10 @@ chosen. A row identifies its message and nothing more — time,
 sender, recipient, subject and status `queued` (accepted, not yet
 delivered), `sent` (handed off successfully), `deferred` (Postfix is
 retrying), `bounced` (final failure), or refused before it was queued.
-`bounced` is usually Postfix's word; it is the panel's when Postfix no longer
-holds a message and `mail.log` never said what became of it (the log rotated
+`bounced` is usually Postfix's word - a message it gave up on at the end of
+its queue lifetime is `bounced` too, since Postfix returns it to the sender;
+it is the panel's when Postfix no longer holds a message and `mail.log` never
+said what became of it (the log rotated
 away while the panel was down, or was not readable) - the panel then closes
 the row as a failure rather than show a delivery it cannot evidence, and
 counts that it did. A
diff --git a/internal/logtail/logtail.go b/internal/logtail/logtail.go
index ae13e0a..a0e4253 100644
--- a/internal/logtail/logtail.go
+++ b/internal/logtail/logtail.go
@@ -30,13 +30,14 @@ import (
 // far into mail.log it has read. *store.Store satisfies it.
 type StatusStore interface {
 	UpdateStatus(queueID, recipient, status string) (int64, error)
-	ListQueuedOlderThan(cutoff time.Time) ([]store.QueuedDelivery, error)
+	ExpireMessage(queueID string) (int64, error)
+	ListOpenOlderThan(cutoff time.Time) ([]store.QueuedDelivery, error)
 	CloseUnreported(id int64) (int64, error)
 	// The counters of delivery_log_days (store/deliverylog.go).
 	AddReconcileClosed(at time.Time, n int64) error
 	AddReconcileMissed(at time.Time, n int64) error
 	AddTailerBlind(from time.Time, d time.Duration) error
-	CountQueuedOlderThan(cutoff time.Time) (int64, error)
+	CountOpenOlderThan(cutoff time.Time) (int64, error)
 	SetQueuedOverLifetime(at time.Time, n int64) error
 	PruneDeliveryLogDays(now time.Time) error
 	RefusalStore
@@ -132,15 +133,35 @@ func parseDelivery(line string) (queueID, recipient, status string, ok bool) {
 		status = store.StatusDeferred
 	case "bounced":
 		status = store.StatusBounced
-	case "expired":
-		// Postfix gave up after the queue lifetime; a final failure for us.
-		status = store.StatusBounced
 	default:
 		return "", "", "", false
 	}
 	return m[1], m[2], status, true
 }
 
+// expiryRe matches qmgr's line for a message it gave up on:
+//
+//	postfix/qmgr[93]: 41E862C00D9E: from=<app@example.org>, status=expired, returned to sender
+//
+// Postfix 3.7.11, src/qmgr/qmgr_active.c, qmgr_active_done_25_generic():
+// msg_info("%s: from=<%s>, status=%s, returned to sender") with "expired"
+// once the queue lifetime has passed, "force-expired" after postsuper -e.
+// It is the only line about the expiry, one per message, and no recipient is
+// named (assumptions A-8). The line must end there: the sender is the
+// client's text, and only qmgr writes this shape.
+var expiryRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^\S+ \S*/qmgr\[\d+\]: ([0-9A-Za-z]+): from=<.*>, status=(?:force-)?expired, returned to sender\s*$`)
+
+// parseExpiry returns the queue id of a message Postfix gave up on, from its
+// expiry line; ok is false for any other line.
+func parseExpiry(line string) (queueID string, ok bool) {
+	_, rest := SplitTimestamp(line)
+	m := expiryRe.FindStringSubmatch(rest)
+	if m == nil {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	return m[1], true
+}
+
 // Run follows path and updates send-log statuses until ctx is cancelled, while
 // a background sweep prunes rows older than retention(). Reading resumes at
 // the offset the previous run persisted, so a restart parses the delivery lines
@@ -199,6 +220,11 @@ func Run(ctx context.Context, path string, st StatusStore, retention RetentionDa
 		refusals.handle(line, now, Place{FP: tr.line.FP, End: tr.lineStart})
 		queueID, recipient, status, ok := parseDelivery(line)
 		if !ok {
+			if queueID, ok := parseExpiry(line); ok {
+				if _, err := st.ExpireMessage(queueID); err != nil {
+					log.Printf("log-tailer: expire %s: %v", queueID, err)
+				}
+			}
 			return
 		}
 		if _, err := st.UpdateStatus(queueID, recipient, status); err != nil {
@@ -243,11 +269,11 @@ func reconcileLoop(ctx context.Context, st StatusStore, caughtUp <-chan struct{}
 	}
 }
 
-// countStuck records how many rows are still queued past Postfix's queue
+// countStuck records how many rows are still open past Postfix's queue
 // lifetime - what the log would leave unresolved if there were no sweep. Each
 // sweep overwrites the day's value, so a past day keeps its last sweep's.
 func countStuck(st StatusStore, now time.Time, overLifetime time.Duration) {
-	n, err := st.CountQueuedOlderThan(now.Add(-overLifetime))
+	n, err := st.CountOpenOlderThan(now.Add(-overLifetime))
 	if err == nil {
 		err = st.SetQueuedOverLifetime(now, n)
 	}
@@ -256,10 +282,10 @@ func countStuck(st StatusStore, now time.Time, overLifetime time.Duration) {
 	}
 }
 
-// reconcile marks as bounced every row still "queued" from before cutoff whose
-// message Postfix no longer holds, with reason "reconcile". The close itself
-// is conditional on the row still being queued, so a delivery line read
-// between the listing and the close wins.
+// reconcile marks as bounced every row still open ("queued" or "deferred")
+// from before cutoff whose message Postfix no longer holds, with reason
+// "reconcile". The close itself is conditional on the row still being open,
+// so a final delivery line read between the listing and the close wins.
 //
 // A row reaches this state only when its delivery lines are gone for good — the
 // log rotated past its fourteen files while the panel was down, or was deleted
@@ -279,9 +305,9 @@ func countStuck(st StatusStore, now time.Time, overLifetime time.Duration) {
 // is what tells a tailer that loses lines from a log that lost them, which
 // reconcile_contradicted cannot - a lost line is never read late.
 func reconcile(st StatusStore, cutoff time.Time, path string) {
-	rows, err := st.ListQueuedOlderThan(cutoff)
+	rows, err := st.ListOpenOlderThan(cutoff)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("log-tailer: reconcile: list queued rows: %v", err)
+		log.Printf("log-tailer: reconcile: list open rows: %v", err)
 		return
 	}
 	if len(rows) == 0 {
@@ -307,7 +333,7 @@ func reconcile(st StatusStore, cutoff time.Time, path string) {
 			continue
 		}
 		closed += n
-		if n > 0 && deliveryInLog(path, row) {
+		if n > 0 && resultInLog(path, row) {
 			log.Printf("log-tailer: reconcile: %s/%s had a delivery line in the log the tailer did not read", row.QueueID, row.To)
 			missed++
 		}
@@ -323,13 +349,15 @@ func reconcile(st StatusStore, cutoff time.Time, path string) {
 	}
 }
 
-// deliveryInLog says whether the current log or the one rotated last holds a
-// delivery line for row. Rows reach the sweep minutes after they were
-// written, so the end of those two files is where such a line would be.
+// resultInLog says whether the current log or the one rotated last holds a
+// final result for row - a delivery line that says sent or bounced, or the
+// message's expiry line. A deferred line is not one: a deferred row has one
+// by definition. Rows reach the sweep minutes after they were written, so
+// the end of those two files is where such a line would be.
 // logrotate 3.21.0, logrotate.c, prerotateSingleLog(): the first rotated
 // name is "<log>.1", without the compression suffix under delaycompress
 // (build/logrotate-mail.conf).
-func deliveryInLog(path string, row store.QueuedDelivery) bool {
+func resultInLog(path string, row store.QueuedDelivery) bool {
 	if path == "" {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -339,7 +367,10 @@ func deliveryInLog(path string, row store.QueuedDelivery) bool {
 			continue
 		}
 		for _, line := range lines {
-			if q, r, _, ok := parseDelivery(line); ok && q == row.QueueID && strings.EqualFold(r, row.To) {
+			if q, r, s, ok := parseDelivery(line); ok && q == row.QueueID && strings.EqualFold(r, row.To) && s != store.StatusDeferred {
+				return true
+			}
+			if q, ok := parseExpiry(line); ok && q == row.QueueID {
 				return true
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/internal/logtail/logtail_test.go b/internal/logtail/logtail_test.go
index 9606ed7..7ef37a2 100644
--- a/internal/logtail/logtail_test.go
+++ b/internal/logtail/logtail_test.go
@@ -17,10 +17,69 @@ import (
 // The mail.log lines in this file are composed by hand, after the formats the
 // code cites (Postfix 3.7.11, src/global/log_adhoc.c and the others), unless a
 // comment says where one was seen. Some are shapes Postfix does not write:
-// "to=..., status=expired" (qmgr logs expiry once per message as "from=<..>,
-// status=expired, returned to sender" - assumptions A-8), ISO stamps
-// (msg_logger.c writes "%b %d %H:%M:%S" - A-12), and opendkim lines in
-// mail.log (build/opendkim.conf has Syslog no).
+// ISO stamps (msg_logger.c writes "%b %d %H:%M:%S" - A-12), and opendkim
+// lines in mail.log (build/opendkim.conf has Syslog no).
+// qmgr's expiry line, as Postfix 3.7.11 writes it (src/qmgr/qmgr_active.c,
+// qmgr_active_done_25_generic(): "%s: from=<%s>, status=%s, returned to
+// sender"); composed by hand after that format. The sender is the client's
+// text, so a line only resembles one when it ends as qmgr's does.
+func TestParseExpiry(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		line string
+		id   string
+	}{
+		{"Oct 14 09:01:02 relay postfix/qmgr[93]: 41E862C00D9E: from=<app@example.org>, status=expired, returned to sender", "41E862C00D9E"},
+		{"Oct 14 09:01:02 relay postfix/qmgr[93]: 3Fq1Lw0bZ8z9tN: from=<>, status=force-expired, returned to sender", "3Fq1Lw0bZ8z9tN"},
+		// Not qmgr.
+		{"Oct 14 09:01:02 relay postfix/smtp[26]: 41E862C00D9E: from=<app@example.org>, status=expired, returned to sender", ""},
+		// qmgr's ordinary from= line, whose sender carries the text.
+		{"Oct 14 09:01:02 relay postfix/qmgr[93]: 41E862C00D9E: from=<x>, status=expired, returned to sender>, size=500, nrcpt=1 (queue active)", ""},
+		{"Oct 14 09:01:02 relay postfix/qmgr[93]: 41E862C00D9E: removed", ""},
+	} {
+		id, ok := parseExpiry(c.line)
+		if ok != (c.id != "") || id != c.id {
+			t.Errorf("parseExpiry(%q) = %q, %v; want %q", c.line, id, ok, c.id)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// The tailer closes an expired message's rows when it reads qmgr's line.
+func TestExpiryLineClosesTheMessage(t *testing.T) {
+	path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "mail.log")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(path, nil, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	cs := &captureStore{}
+	stop := startRun(t, path, cs)
+	defer stop()
+	appendLine(t, path, "Oct 14 09:01:00 relay postfix/smtp[26]: 41E862C00D9E: to=<a@example.net>, relay=none, delay=9, dsn=4.4.1, status=deferred (connect timed out)")
+	appendLine(t, path, "Oct 14 09:01:02 relay postfix/qmgr[93]: 41E862C00D9E: from=<app@example.org>, status=expired, returned to sender")
+	waitFor(t, func() bool { return contains(cs.snapshot(), "41E862C00D9E|*|expired") })
+	if !contains(cs.snapshot(), "41E862C00D9E|a@example.net|"+store.StatusDeferred) {
+		t.Fatalf("calls = %v, want the deferral before the expiry", cs.snapshot())
+	}
+}
+
+// A deferred row the sweep closes is not "missed" for its deferred line - it
+// has one by definition - but is for its message's expiry line.
+func TestReconcileMissedCountsOnlyFinalLines(t *testing.T) {
+	stubQueue(t, nil)
+	path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "mail.log")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte(
+		"Oct 14 10:59:58 mail postfix/smtp[26]: DEFQ: to=<late@example.net>, relay=none, delay=9, dsn=4.4.1, status=deferred (connect timed out)\n"+
+			"Oct 14 10:59:59 mail postfix/qmgr[10]: EXPQ: from=<app@example.org>, status=expired, returned to sender\n"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	cs := &captureStore{queued: []store.QueuedDelivery{
+		{ID: 1, QueueID: "DEFQ", To: "late@example.net"},
+		{ID: 2, QueueID: "EXPQ", To: "gone@example.net"},
+	}}
+	reconcile(cs, time.Now().UTC(), path)
+	if cs.closed != 2 || cs.missed != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("closed %d, missed %d; want 2 and 1", cs.closed, cs.missed)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestParseDelivery(t *testing.T) {
 	cases := []struct {
 		name                       string
@@ -53,12 +112,11 @@ func TestParseDelivery(t *testing.T) {
 			status:    store.StatusBounced,
 		},
 		{
-			name:      "expired maps to bounced",
-			line:      "host postfix/smtp[26]: DEF: to=<slow@example.net>, relay=none, status=expired (delivery temporarily suspended)",
-			wantOK:    true,
-			queueID:   "DEF",
-			recipient: "slow@example.net",
-			status:    store.StatusBounced,
+			// Expiry is not a delivery line (TestParseExpiry); qmgr's line
+			// for it names no recipient.
+			name:   "qmgr expiry line ignored",
+			line:   "host postfix/qmgr[10]: DEF: from=<app@example.org>, status=expired, returned to sender",
+			wantOK: false,
 		},
 		{
 			name:   "qmgr from-line ignored",
@@ -189,10 +247,10 @@ type captureStore struct {
 	haveState bool
 	stateErr  error
 
-	// queued is what ListQueuedOlderThan returns, for the reconcile sweep.
+	// queued is what ListOpenOlderThan returns, for the reconcile sweep.
 	queued    []store.QueuedDelivery
 	queuedErr error
-	// closed sums AddReconcileClosed; stuckCount is what CountQueuedOlderThan
+	// closed sums AddReconcileClosed; stuckCount is what CountOpenOlderThan
 	// answers and stuck what SetQueuedOverLifetime was given.
 	closed     int64
 	missed     int64
@@ -259,6 +317,14 @@ func (c *captureStore) UpdateStatus(queueID, recipient, status string) (int64, e
 	return 1, nil
 }
 
+// ExpireMessage records an expiry line's close as "queue-id|*|expired".
+func (c *captureStore) ExpireMessage(queueID string) (int64, error) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	c.calls = append(c.calls, queueID+"|*|expired")
+	return 1, nil
+}
+
 // CloseUnreported records the sweep's close as "queue-id|recipient|reconcile",
 // finding the row by its id among queued.
 func (c *captureStore) CloseUnreported(id int64) (int64, error) {
@@ -290,11 +356,11 @@ func (c *captureStore) AddReconcileMissed(_ time.Time, n int64) error {
 	return nil
 }
 func (c *captureStore) AddTailerBlind(time.Time, time.Duration) error { return nil }
-func (c *captureStore) AttachRefusalLine(string, string, time.Time, string) (bool, error) {
+func (c *captureStore) AttachRefusalLine(string, string, string, time.Time, string) (bool, error) {
 	return true, nil
 }
 func (c *captureStore) RecoverRefusal(store.SendLogEntry, time.Time) (bool, error) { return false, nil }
-func (c *captureStore) CountQueuedOlderThan(time.Time) (int64, error) {
+func (c *captureStore) CountOpenOlderThan(time.Time) (int64, error) {
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	defer c.mu.Unlock()
 	return c.stuckCount, nil
@@ -307,7 +373,7 @@ func (c *captureStore) SetQueuedOverLifetime(_ time.Time, n int64) error {
 }
 func (c *captureStore) PruneDeliveryLogDays(time.Time) error { return nil }
 
-func (c *captureStore) ListQueuedOlderThan(time.Time) ([]store.QueuedDelivery, error) {
+func (c *captureStore) ListOpenOlderThan(time.Time) ([]store.QueuedDelivery, error) {
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	defer c.mu.Unlock()
 	return c.queued, c.queuedErr
diff --git a/internal/logtail/refusals.go b/internal/logtail/refusals.go
index 822e1cd..c49280c 100644
--- a/internal/logtail/refusals.go
+++ b/internal/logtail/refusals.go
@@ -14,20 +14,24 @@ import (
 // level-2 limit, a client address off the application's list - is put on the
 // row the milter wrote, so the message's page shows it (audit 2026-10-12,
 // stage 2b). The refusal has no queue id; it is matched to its row by client
-// address, sender and time. As the stand writes it (e2e stand, date not
-// recorded):
+// address, login, sender and time:
 //
-//	postfix/smtpd[1149]: NOQUEUE: milter-reject: MAIL from unknown[10.77.0.1]: 451 4.7.1 Service unavailable - try again later; from=<billing@sender.e2e.test> proto=ESMTP helo=<e2e-client.e2e.test>
+//	postfix/smtpd[1149]: NOQUEUE: milter-reject: MAIL from unknown[10.77.0.1]: 451 4.7.1 Service unavailable - try again later; from=<billing@sender.e2e.test> proto=ESMTP helo=<e2e-client.e2e.test> sasl_username=<l2app>
 //
 // Postfix 3.7.11, src/smtpd/smtpd.c, check_milter_reply(): "%s: %s: %s from
 // %s: %s;%s" with "NOQUEUE" before the queue file is opened, and
-// smtpd_whatsup() for the rest - " from=<..>" first. smtpd_whatsup() also
-// ends the line with " sasl_username=<login>" on an authenticated session,
-// which the quote above lacks and the regexp does not use (assumptions A-20,
-// A-21).
+// smtpd_whatsup() for the rest: " from=<..>", " to=<..>", " proto=..",
+// " helo=<..>", then " sasl_username=<..>" when the session authenticated
+// (assumptions A-20, A-21). The login is read at the end of the line, where
+// Postfix puts it last; a line without one is no application's refusal - the
+// journal milter refuses at MAIL FROM only an authenticated session
+// (milter/ratelimit.go). The HELO name before it is the client's text and can
+// end in what looks like the field, but only in a session that has no login,
+// and so no refused row to take the line; a row must also be of the line's
+// client address and sender, within minutes.
 //
 // Port 25's smtpd (postfix/inbound/smtpd) is a stranger's and has no such row.
-var refusalLineRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^\S+ postfix/(?:([a-z0-9-]+)/)?smtpd\[\d+\]: NOQUEUE: milter-reject: MAIL from [^\[\s]*\[([^\]]+)\]: [45]\d\d .*?; from=<([^>]*)>`)
+var refusalLineRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^\S+ postfix/(?:([a-z0-9-]+)/)?smtpd\[\d+\]: NOQUEUE: milter-reject: MAIL from [^\[\s]*\[([^\]]+)\]: [45]\d\d .*?; from=<([^>]*)>(?:.* sasl_username=<([^<>]*)>|.*)$`)
 
 // refusalLineWait is how long a line waits for its row: the milter writes the
 // row when it refuses, which can be read a moment after the line.
@@ -35,7 +39,7 @@ const refusalLineWait = 30 * time.Second
 
 // RefusalStore is where the lines go. *store.Store satisfies it.
 type RefusalStore interface {
-	AttachRefusalLine(clientIP, from string, at time.Time, line string) (bool, error)
+	AttachRefusalLine(clientIP, login, from string, at time.Time, line string) (bool, error)
 	RecoverRefusal(e store.SendLogEntry, at time.Time) (bool, error)
 }
 
@@ -56,18 +60,19 @@ var fromRefusalRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^\S+ postfix/(?:[a-z0-9-]+/)?cleanup\[\d
 
 // clientLoginRe is smtpd's line naming the login a queue id was submitted
 // under: "<id>: client=host[addr], sasl_method=PLAIN, sasl_username=<login>".
-// Postfix 3.7.11, src/smtpd/smtpd.c, mail_open_stream(): ", sasl_sender=<..>"
-// follows when the client gave AUTH= on MAIL FROM, and "\S+" then takes
-// "login," with the comma (assumptions A-23).
-var clientLoginRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^\S+ postfix/(?:([a-z0-9-]+)/)?smtpd\[\d+\]: ([0-9A-Za-z]+): client=.*?, sasl_username=(\S+)`)
+// Postfix 3.7.11, src/smtpd/smtpd.c, mail_open_stream(): ", sasl_sender=.."
+// follows when the client gave AUTH= on MAIL FROM, then ", orig_queue_id=.."
+// and ", orig_client=.." for XFORWARD; the login ends at the comma (a login
+// holds none - internal/postfix assertMapSafe; assumptions A-23).
+var clientLoginRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^\S+ postfix/(?:([a-z0-9-]+)/)?smtpd\[\d+\]: ([0-9A-Za-z]+): client=.*?, sasl_username=([^,\s]+)`)
 
 // refusalLogins bounds the queue ids whose login is remembered.
 const refusalLogins = 4096
 
 type pendingRefusal struct {
-	clientIP, from, line string
-	at, until            time.Time
-	start                Place // where the line starts in the log
+	clientIP, login, from, line string
+	at, until                   time.Time
+	start                       Place // where the line starts in the log
 }
 
 // pendingRecovery is a From: refusal whose row is looked for once the panel
@@ -139,14 +144,17 @@ func (r *refusalLines) handle(line string, now time.Time, start Place) {
 		return
 	}
 	m := refusalLineRe.FindStringSubmatch(rest)
-	if m == nil || m[1] == "inbound" {
+	if m == nil || m[1] == "inbound" || m[4] == "" {
 		return
 	}
-	ip := net.ParseIP(strings.TrimPrefix(m[2], "IPv6:"))
+	// The address in "name[addr]" is smtpd's state->addr, which has no
+	// "IPv6:" (Postfix 3.7.11, src/smtpd/smtpd_peer.c, smtpd_peer_init();
+	// assumptions A-24).
+	ip := net.ParseIP(m[2])
 	if ip == nil {
 		return
 	}
-	p := pendingRefusal{clientIP: ip.String(), from: m[3], line: line, at: at, until: now.Add(refusalLineWait), start: start}
+	p := pendingRefusal{clientIP: ip.String(), login: m[4], from: m[3], line: line, at: at, until: now.Add(refusalLineWait), start: start}
 	if !r.attach(p) {
 		r.pending = append(r.pending, p)
 	}
@@ -206,7 +214,7 @@ func domainOf(addr string) string {
 }
 
 func (r *refusalLines) attach(p pendingRefusal) bool {
-	ok, err := r.st.AttachRefusalLine(p.clientIP, p.from, p.at, p.line)
+	ok, err := r.st.AttachRefusalLine(p.clientIP, p.login, p.from, p.at, p.line)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("log-tailer: refusal line: %v", err)
 		return true // not retried: the store said no for its own reason
diff --git a/internal/logtail/refusals_test.go b/internal/logtail/refusals_test.go
index 542d714..10b044f 100644
--- a/internal/logtail/refusals_test.go
+++ b/internal/logtail/refusals_test.go
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ func (r *refusalProbe) RecoverRefusal(e store.SendLogEntry, _ time.Time) (bool,
 	return true, nil
 }
 
-func (r *refusalProbe) AttachRefusalLine(clientIP, from string, _ time.Time, line string) (bool, error) {
+func (r *refusalProbe) AttachRefusalLine(clientIP, login, from string, _ time.Time, line string) (bool, error) {
 	if r.rows == 0 {
 		return false, nil
 	}
 	r.rows--
 	r.lines = append(r.lines, line)
-	r.who = append(r.who, clientIP+"|"+from)
+	r.who = append(r.who, clientIP+"|"+login+"|"+from)
 	return true, nil
 }
 
@@ -46,6 +46,9 @@ func TestRefusalLines(t *testing.T) {
 		`2026-10-14T12:00:00+00:00 mail postfix/inbound/smtpd[372]: NOQUEUE: milter-reject: MAIL from unknown[203.0.113.7]: 451 4.7.1 Service unavailable - try again later; from=<a@stranger.example> proto=ESMTP helo=<x>`,
 		`2026-10-14T12:00:00+00:00 mail postfix/smtpd[11]: NOQUEUE: milter-reject: CONNECT from unknown[10.77.0.1]: 451 4.7.1 Service unavailable - try again later; proto=SMTP`,
 		`2026-10-14T12:00:00+00:00 mail postfix/smtpd[11]: NOQUEUE: reject: RCPT from unknown[10.77.0.1]: 553 5.7.1 <a@x>: Sender address rejected: not owned by user app1; from=<a@x> to=<b@y> proto=ESMTP helo=<x>`,
+		// No login: no application's refusal (the panel down refuses every
+		// session, an unauthenticated one too).
+		`2026-10-14T12:00:00+00:00 mail postfix/smtpd[12]: NOQUEUE: milter-reject: MAIL from unknown[10.77.0.1]: 451 4.7.1 Service unavailable - try again later; from=<billing@sender.e2e.test> proto=ESMTP helo=<x>`,
 	} {
 		r.handle(other, now, Place{})
 	}
@@ -59,7 +62,7 @@ func TestRefusalLines(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	st.rows = 1 // the milter's row is written
 	r.retry(now.Add(time.Second))
-	if len(r.pending) != 0 || len(st.lines) != 1 || st.who[0] != "10.77.0.1|billing@sender.e2e.test" {
+	if len(r.pending) != 0 || len(st.lines) != 1 || st.who[0] != "10.77.0.1|l2app|billing@sender.e2e.test" {
 		t.Fatalf("after the retry: pending %d, attached %v", len(r.pending), st.who)
 	}
 
diff --git a/internal/logtail/retention_test.go b/internal/logtail/retention_test.go
index 9b0e4ee..e88cbe6 100644
--- a/internal/logtail/retention_test.go
+++ b/internal/logtail/retention_test.go
@@ -19,10 +19,12 @@ func (s *retentionProbeStore) UpdateStatus(string, string, string) (int64, error
 	return 0, nil
 }
 
-func (s *retentionProbeStore) ListQueuedOlderThan(time.Time) ([]store.QueuedDelivery, error) {
+func (s *retentionProbeStore) ListOpenOlderThan(time.Time) ([]store.QueuedDelivery, error) {
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
+func (s *retentionProbeStore) ExpireMessage(string) (int64, error) { return 0, nil }
+
 func (s *retentionProbeStore) CloseUnreported(int64) (int64, error) {
 	return 0, nil
 }
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ func (s *retentionProbeStore) CloseUnreported(int64) (int64, error) {
 func (s *retentionProbeStore) AddReconcileMissed(time.Time, int64) error     { return nil }
 func (s *retentionProbeStore) AddReconcileClosed(time.Time, int64) error     { return nil }
 func (s *retentionProbeStore) AddTailerBlind(time.Time, time.Duration) error { return nil }
-func (s *retentionProbeStore) CountQueuedOlderThan(time.Time) (int64, error) { return 0, nil }
+func (s *retentionProbeStore) CountOpenOlderThan(time.Time) (int64, error)   { return 0, nil }
 func (s *retentionProbeStore) SetQueuedOverLifetime(time.Time, int64) error  { return nil }
 func (s *retentionProbeStore) PruneDeliveryLogDays(time.Time) error          { return nil }
 
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ func TestRetentionLoopUsesUpdatedValue(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Fatalf("second prune cutoff age %v, want about 7 days", age)
 }
 
-func (s *retentionProbeStore) AttachRefusalLine(string, string, time.Time, string) (bool, error) {
+func (s *retentionProbeStore) AttachRefusalLine(string, string, string, time.Time, string) (bool, error) {
 	return true, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/postfix/duration.go b/internal/postfix/duration.go
index 286b282..147c0ef 100644
--- a/internal/postfix/duration.go
+++ b/internal/postfix/duration.go
@@ -2,85 +2,80 @@ package postfix
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"math"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
-	"unicode"
 )
 
-// ParseDuration converts a Postfix time value to a duration. Units are those
-// postconf prints and accepts: s, m, h, d, w. A bare number is seconds. Values
-// may concatenate units (`1h7m`), matching Postfix's own conv_time.
-func ParseDuration(s string) (time.Duration, error) {
-	s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
+// ParseTime reads a Postfix time value as Postfix 3.7.11 reads it:
+// src/global/conv_time.c, conv_time(), called by get_mail_conf_time() in
+// src/global/mail_conf_time.c. One number - strtol(), so leading blanks and a
+// "+" are taken, a negative number or one past an int is invalid - followed
+// by one unit, w d h m or s in lower case; with no unit, defUnit, which
+// Postfix takes from the parameter's default value (get_def_time_unit(): "5d"
+// gives d, "300s" s, "0h" h). Whatever follows the unit is ignored, so "1h7m"
+// is one hour (assumptions B-PQ10, B-PQ11). A string with no digits is read as
+// 0 of the unit it starts with, as strtol() leaves it there.
+func ParseTime(s string, defUnit byte) (time.Duration, error) {
 	if s == "" {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("postfix: empty time value")
 	}
-	var total time.Duration
 	i := 0
-	for i < len(s) {
-		for i < len(s) && unicode.IsSpace(rune(s[i])) {
-			i++
-		}
-		if i >= len(s) {
-			break
-		}
-		if s[i] == '-' {
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("postfix: negative time value %q", s)
-		}
-		if s[i] == '+' {
-			i++
-		}
-		start := i
-		for i < len(s) && s[i] >= '0' && s[i] <= '9' {
-			i++
-		}
-		if i == start {
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("postfix: invalid time value %q", s)
-		}
-		n, err := strconv.ParseInt(s[start:i], 10, 64)
-		if err != nil {
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("postfix: invalid time value %q", s)
-		}
-		unit := byte('s')
-		if i < len(s) && isTimeUnit(s[i]) {
-			unit = s[i] | 0x20 // ASCII fold to lowercase
-			i++
-		}
-		part, err := durationForUnit(n, unit)
-		if err != nil {
-			return 0, err
-		}
-		total += part
+	for i < len(s) && isCSpace(s[i]) {
+		i++
 	}
-	return total, nil
-}
-
-func isTimeUnit(c byte) bool {
-	switch c | 0x20 {
-	case 's', 'm', 'h', 'd', 'w':
-		return true
+	neg := false
+	if i < len(s) && (s[i] == '+' || s[i] == '-') {
+		neg = s[i] == '-'
+		i++
 	}
-	return false
-}
-
-func durationForUnit(n int64, unit byte) (time.Duration, error) {
-	var unitDur time.Duration
+	start := i
+	var n int64
+	for i < len(s) && s[i] >= '0' && s[i] <= '9' {
+		n = n*10 + int64(s[i]-'0')
+		if n > math.MaxInt32 {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("postfix: time value %q out of range", s)
+		}
+		i++
+	}
+	end := i
+	if i == start {
+		// strtol() converted nothing: the end is the start of the string.
+		end, n, neg = 0, 0, false
+	}
+	if neg && n > 0 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("postfix: negative time value %q", s)
+	}
+	unit := defUnit
+	if end < len(s) {
+		unit = s[end]
+	}
+	var per int64
 	switch unit {
-	case 's':
-		unitDur = time.Second
-	case 'm':
-		unitDur = time.Minute
-	case 'h':
-		unitDur = time.Hour
-	case 'd':
-		unitDur = 24 * time.Hour
 	case 'w':
-		unitDur = 7 * 24 * time.Hour
+		per = 7 * 24 * 3600
+	case 'd':
+		per = 24 * 3600
+	case 'h':
+		per = 3600
+	case 'm':
+		per = 60
+	case 's':
+		per = 1
 	default:
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("postfix: unknown time unit %q", string(unit))
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("postfix: invalid time value %q", s)
 	}
-	return time.Duration(n) * unitDur, nil
+	// conv_time(): "if (intval < INT_MAX / WEEK)" and the like.
+	if per > 1 && n >= math.MaxInt32/per {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("postfix: time value %q out of range", s)
+	}
+	return time.Duration(n*per) * time.Second, nil
+}
+
+// isCSpace is C's isspace() in the "C" locale, which strtol() skips.
+func isCSpace(c byte) bool {
+	return c == ' ' || c == '\t' || c == '\n' || c == '\v' || c == '\f' || c == '\r'
 }
 
 // FormatDuration renders a Postfix interval the way the Mail queue card and
diff --git a/internal/postfix/duration_test.go b/internal/postfix/duration_test.go
index f65579f..8ca4067 100644
--- a/internal/postfix/duration_test.go
+++ b/internal/postfix/duration_test.go
@@ -5,39 +5,47 @@ import (
 	"time"
 )
 
-func TestParseDuration(t *testing.T) {
+// Postfix 3.7.11, src/global/conv_time.c, conv_time(): one number, one
+// lower-case unit, the default unit when there is none, the rest ignored.
+func TestParseTime(t *testing.T) {
 	cases := []struct {
 		in   string
+		unit byte
 		want time.Duration
 	}{
-		{"5d", 5 * 24 * time.Hour},
-		{"300s", 300 * time.Second},
-		{"4000s", 4000 * time.Second},
-		{"1h", time.Hour},
-		{"0", 0},
-		{"0s", 0},
-		{"300", 300 * time.Second},
-		{" 300s ", 300 * time.Second},
-		{"1h7m", time.Hour + 7*time.Minute},
-		{"1w", 7 * 24 * time.Hour},
-		{"2m", 2 * time.Minute},
+		{"5d", 's', 5 * 24 * time.Hour},
+		{"300s", 'd', 300 * time.Second},
+		{"4000s", 's', 4000 * time.Second},
+		{"1h", 's', time.Hour},
+		{"0", 's', 0},
+		{"0s", 's', 0},
+		{"300", 's', 300 * time.Second},
+		{"3", 'd', 3 * 24 * time.Hour}, // maximal_queue_lifetime = 3
+		{"2", 'h', 2 * time.Hour},      // delay_warning_time = 2
+		{" 300s ", 's', 300 * time.Second},
+		{"+5m", 's', 5 * time.Minute},
+		{"1h7m", 's', time.Hour}, // what follows the unit is ignored
+		{"1h 5x", 's', time.Hour},
+		{"1w", 's', 7 * 24 * time.Hour},
+		{"2m", 's', 2 * time.Minute},
+		{"s", 'd', 0}, // strtol() reads nothing and stops at the "s"
 	}
 	for _, tc := range cases {
-		got, err := ParseDuration(tc.in)
+		got, err := ParseTime(tc.in, tc.unit)
 		if err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("ParseDuration(%q): %v", tc.in, err)
+			t.Errorf("ParseTime(%q, %c): %v", tc.in, tc.unit, err)
 			continue
 		}
 		if got != tc.want {
-			t.Errorf("ParseDuration(%q) = %v, want %v", tc.in, got, tc.want)
+			t.Errorf("ParseTime(%q, %c) = %v, want %v", tc.in, tc.unit, got, tc.want)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func TestParseDurationRejectsInvalid(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, in := range []string{"", "foo", "5x", "-300s", "s", "1h 5x"} {
-		if _, err := ParseDuration(in); err == nil {
-			t.Errorf("ParseDuration(%q) = nil, want error", in)
+func TestParseTimeRejectsInvalid(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, in := range []string{"", "foo", "5x", "-300s", "5D", "1H", " s", "99999999999s", "400000w"} {
+		if _, err := ParseTime(in, 's'); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("ParseTime(%q) = nil, want error", in)
 		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/postfix/queue.go b/internal/postfix/queue.go
index c0d2f19..89ea0a2 100644
--- a/internal/postfix/queue.go
+++ b/internal/postfix/queue.go
@@ -125,12 +125,15 @@ func QueueIDs() (map[string]struct{}, error) {
 //	3C5B04E6C1*     446 Thu Aug  7 10:12:31  app@example.com
 //
 // The id is at the start of the line, optionally flagged '*' (in the active
-// queue) or '!' (on hold), and is followed by the message size. Requiring the
+// queue) or '!' (on hold), then '#' when the message was forced to expire
+// (Postfix 3.7.11, src/postqueue/showq_compat.c, showq_message(): the flags
+// are appended to the id in that order; assumptions B-PQ1), and is followed
+// by the message size. Requiring the
 // size is what separates an entry from the listing's other left-margin lines:
 // the '-Queue ID-' header, the '-- 5 Kbytes in 2 Requests.' trailer, a deferred
 // entry's '(connect timed out)' reason, and 'Mail queue is empty'. Recipient
 // lines are indented and never match.
-var queueEntryRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^([0-9A-Za-z]+)[*!]?\s+\d+\s`)
+var queueEntryRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^([0-9A-Za-z]+)[*!]?#?\s+\d+\s`)
 
 func parseQueueIDs(listing string) map[string]struct{} {
 	ids := make(map[string]struct{})
diff --git a/internal/postfix/queue_test.go b/internal/postfix/queue_test.go
index bed52ae..a51be99 100644
--- a/internal/postfix/queue_test.go
+++ b/internal/postfix/queue_test.go
@@ -92,10 +92,16 @@ func TestParseQueueIDs(t *testing.T) {
 A1B2C3D4E5F!    891 Fri Aug  8 10:14:31  app@example.com
                                          held@example.net
 
--- 1 Kbytes in 3 Requests.
+6D7E8F9A0B*#    512 Fri Aug  8 10:15:31  app@example.com
+                                         expiring@example.net
+
+7E8F9A0B1C#     512 Fri Aug  8 10:16:31  app@example.com
+                                         expiring2@example.net
+
+-- 2 Kbytes in 5 Requests.
 `
 	ids := parseQueueIDs(listing)
-	want := []string{"3C5B04E6C1", "5B4A2C1D3E", "A1B2C3D4E5F"}
+	want := []string{"3C5B04E6C1", "5B4A2C1D3E", "A1B2C3D4E5F", "6D7E8F9A0B", "7E8F9A0B1C"}
 	for _, id := range want {
 		if _, ok := ids[id]; !ok {
 			t.Errorf("queue id %s not found in %v", id, ids)
diff --git a/internal/postfix/retry.go b/internal/postfix/retry.go
index fa7d14b..b2f106c 100644
--- a/internal/postfix/retry.go
+++ b/internal/postfix/retry.go
@@ -55,6 +55,13 @@ var retryConfKeys = []string{
 	"delay_warning_time",
 }
 
+// retryConfUnits is each key's default unit: the last letter of its default
+// value (Postfix 3.7.11, src/global/mail_params.h, DEF_QUEUE_RUN_DELAY
+// "300s", DEF_MIN_BACKOFF_TIME, DEF_MAX_BACKOFF_TIME "4000s",
+// DEF_MAX_QUEUE_TIME "5d", DEF_DSN_QUEUE_TIME "5d", DEF_DELAY_WARN_TIME
+// "0h"; src/global/mail_conf_time.c, get_def_time_unit()).
+var retryConfUnits = []byte{'s', 's', 's', 'd', 'd', 'h'}
+
 // readRetryConf runs `postconf -h` for the retry-policy keys. Tests replace it
 // the same way logtail stubs queueIDs.
 var readRetryConf = postconfRetryValues
@@ -63,8 +70,9 @@ func postconfRetryValues() ([]string, error) {
 	// Fixed argv, no user input — same pattern as Queue (security.md).
 	// Postfix 3.7.11, src/postconf/postconf_main.c, pcf_show_parameters():
 	// named parameters are printed in argument order, with -h one "%s\n"
-	// value each, as written in main.cf (not expanded without -x).
-	cmd := exec.Command("postconf", "-h",
+	// value each; -x expands "$name" as Postfix itself does when it reads
+	// the value (mail_conf_eval()).
+	cmd := exec.Command("postconf", "-h", "-x",
 		"queue_run_delay",
 		"minimal_backoff_time",
 		"maximal_backoff_time",
@@ -109,12 +117,18 @@ func parseRetryPolicy(lines []string) (RetryPolicy, error) {
 	}
 	var durs [6]time.Duration
 	for i, line := range lines {
-		d, err := ParseDuration(line)
+		d, err := ParseTime(line, retryConfUnits[i])
 		if err != nil {
 			return RetryPolicy{}, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", retryConfKeys[i], err)
 		}
 		durs[i] = d
 	}
+	// Postfix 3.7.11, src/qmgr/qmgr.c, qmgr_post_init(): "bounce_queue_lifetime
+	// is larger than maximal_queue_lifetime - adjusting" - qmgr uses the
+	// smaller.
+	if durs[4] > durs[3] {
+		durs[4] = durs[3]
+	}
 	return RetryPolicy{
 		QueueRunDelay:        durs[0],
 		MinimalBackoff:       durs[1],
@@ -141,13 +155,11 @@ func (p RetryPolicy) BackoffCap() string {
 // sender, which an application may submit too. It bounds which stored log
 // lines can be about a send-log row (store.SendLogLines).
 //
-// Postfix 3.7.11, src/qmgr/qmgr_active.c, qmgr_active_done(): a message
-// expires after var_max_queue_time, or var_dsn_queue_time when its sender is
-// null - whoever submitted it (qmgr.c caps the second at the first).
+// Postfix 3.7.11, src/qmgr/qmgr_active.c, qmgr_active_done_25_generic(): a
+// message expires after var_max_queue_time, or var_dsn_queue_time when its
+// sender is null - whoever submitted it; qmgr.c caps the second at the
+// first, and so does parseRetryPolicy, which leaves the first the longer.
 func (p RetryPolicy) LongestLifetime() time.Duration {
-	if p.BounceQueueLifetime > p.MaximalQueueLifetime {
-		return p.BounceQueueLifetime
-	}
 	return p.MaximalQueueLifetime
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/postfix/retry_test.go b/internal/postfix/retry_test.go
index fc5f2e9..295b331 100644
--- a/internal/postfix/retry_test.go
+++ b/internal/postfix/retry_test.go
@@ -29,14 +29,29 @@ func TestLoadRetryPolicyUsesPostconfValues(t *testing.T) {
 	if p.MaximalQueueLifetime != 2*24*time.Hour {
 		t.Errorf("MaximalQueueLifetime = %v, want 2d", p.MaximalQueueLifetime)
 	}
-	if p.BounceQueueLifetime != 5*24*time.Hour {
-		t.Errorf("BounceQueueLifetime = %v, want 5d", p.BounceQueueLifetime)
+	// 5d over a maximal 2d: qmgr uses 2d (Postfix 3.7.11, src/qmgr/qmgr.c,
+	// qmgr_post_init(), "adjusting bounce_queue_lifetime").
+	if p.BounceQueueLifetime != 2*24*time.Hour {
+		t.Errorf("BounceQueueLifetime = %v, want 2d", p.BounceQueueLifetime)
 	}
 	if p.DelayWarningTime != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("DelayWarningTime = %v, want 0", p.DelayWarningTime)
 	}
 }
 
+// A message lives at most maximal_queue_lifetime: qmgr caps
+// bounce_queue_lifetime at it (Postfix 3.7.11, src/qmgr/qmgr.c,
+// qmgr_post_init()), so a larger bounce lifetime does not lengthen it.
+func TestLongestLifetimeIsTheQueueLifetime(t *testing.T) {
+	p, err := parseRetryPolicy([]string{"300s", "300s", "4000s", "1d", "5d", "0h"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if p.LongestLifetime() != 24*time.Hour || p.BounceQueueLifetime != 24*time.Hour {
+		t.Fatalf("LongestLifetime %v, BounceQueueLifetime %v; want 24h both", p.LongestLifetime(), p.BounceQueueLifetime)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestLoadRetryPolicyFallsBackWhenPostconfFails(t *testing.T) {
 	old := readRetryConf
 	readRetryConf = func() ([]string, error) {
diff --git a/internal/store/deliverylog.go b/internal/store/deliverylog.go
index e5b530b..285f159 100644
--- a/internal/store/deliverylog.go
+++ b/internal/store/deliverylog.go
@@ -69,13 +69,14 @@ func (s *Store) SetQueuedOverLifetime(at time.Time, n int64) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// CountQueuedOlderThan counts the rows still "queued" that were accepted
-// before cutoff. created_at is RFC3339 UTC, so the strings compare as times.
-func (s *Store) CountQueuedOlderThan(cutoff time.Time) (int64, error) {
+// CountOpenOlderThan counts the rows still open - "queued" or "deferred" -
+// that were accepted before cutoff. created_at is RFC3339 UTC, so the strings
+// compare as times.
+func (s *Store) CountOpenOlderThan(cutoff time.Time) (int64, error) {
 	var n int64
 	err := s.db.QueryRow(
-		`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM send_log WHERE status = ? AND queue_id <> '' AND created_at < ?`,
-		StatusQueued, cutoff.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
+		`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM send_log WHERE status IN (?, ?) AND queue_id <> '' AND created_at < ?`,
+		StatusQueued, StatusDeferred, cutoff.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
 	).Scan(&n)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("count queued send_log rows: %w", err)
diff --git a/internal/store/deliverylog_test.go b/internal/store/deliverylog_test.go
index 74dbafb..178ee58 100644
--- a/internal/store/deliverylog_test.go
+++ b/internal/store/deliverylog_test.go
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func TestAddDeliveryLogDayRefusesAnotherColumn(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestCountQueuedOlderThan(t *testing.T) {
+func TestCountOpenOlderThan(t *testing.T) {
 	st := openTestStore(t)
 	for _, e := range []SendLogEntry{{QueueID: "Q1", To: "a@example.net"}, {QueueID: "Q2", To: "b@example.net"}} {
 		if err := st.InsertQueued(e); err != nil {
@@ -69,10 +69,10 @@ func TestCountQueuedOlderThan(t *testing.T) {
 	if _, err := st.UpdateStatus("Q2", "b@example.net", StatusSent); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	if n, err := st.CountQueuedOlderThan(time.Now().Add(time.Hour)); err != nil || n != 1 {
+	if n, err := st.CountOpenOlderThan(time.Now().Add(time.Hour)); err != nil || n != 1 {
 		t.Fatalf("queued rows before an hour from now = %d, %v; want 1", n, err)
 	}
-	if n, err := st.CountQueuedOlderThan(time.Now().Add(-time.Hour)); err != nil || n != 0 {
+	if n, err := st.CountOpenOlderThan(time.Now().Add(-time.Hour)); err != nil || n != 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("queued rows before an hour ago = %d, %v; want 0", n, err)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/store/refusal_test.go b/internal/store/refusal_test.go
index 66bc291..7034d8a 100644
--- a/internal/store/refusal_test.go
+++ b/internal/store/refusal_test.go
@@ -28,19 +28,23 @@ func TestAttachRefusalLine(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	first := "Oct 14 12:00:00 mail postfix/smtpd[1]: NOQUEUE: milter-reject: MAIL from unknown[10.0.0.1]: 451 4.7.1 first"
 	second := "Oct 14 12:00:00 mail postfix/smtpd[2]: NOQUEUE: milter-reject: MAIL from unknown[10.0.0.1]: 451 4.7.1 second"
+	// Another application at the same client, as the same sender: not its.
+	if ok, _ := st.AttachRefusalLine("10.0.0.1", "other", "billing@example.com", now, "another login"); ok {
+		t.Fatal("a line of another login took a row")
+	}
 	for _, line := range []string{first, second} {
-		if ok, err := st.AttachRefusalLine("10.0.0.1", "Billing@example.com", now, line); err != nil || !ok {
+		if ok, err := st.AttachRefusalLine("10.0.0.1", "L2App", "Billing@example.com", now, line); err != nil || !ok {
 			t.Fatalf("attach %q = %v, %v", line, ok, err)
 		}
 	}
 	// Read again after a restart: no row takes it a second time.
-	if ok, _ := st.AttachRefusalLine("10.0.0.1", "billing@example.com", now, first); ok {
+	if ok, _ := st.AttachRefusalLine("10.0.0.1", "l2app", "billing@example.com", now, first); ok {
 		t.Fatal("a line already on a row took another")
 	}
-	if ok, _ := st.AttachRefusalLine("10.0.0.3", "billing@example.com", now, "a third"); ok {
+	if ok, _ := st.AttachRefusalLine("10.0.0.3", "l2app", "billing@example.com", now, "a third"); ok {
 		t.Fatal("a line of another client took a row")
 	}
-	if ok, _ := st.AttachRefusalLine("10.0.0.2", "billing@example.com", now.Add(-time.Hour), "an hour off"); ok {
+	if ok, _ := st.AttachRefusalLine("10.0.0.2", "other", "billing@example.com", now.Add(-time.Hour), "an hour off"); ok {
 		t.Fatal("a line an hour off took a row")
 	}
 	lines := map[string]string{}
diff --git a/internal/store/sendlog.go b/internal/store/sendlog.go
index 1144feb..76c8d3d 100644
--- a/internal/store/sendlog.go
+++ b/internal/store/sendlog.go
@@ -162,14 +162,14 @@ func (s *Store) UpdateStatus(queueID, recipient, status string) (int64, error) {
 
 // CloseUnreported is the reconcile sweep's close of one row, by its id:
 // "bounced", marked reason "reconcile" so it is known who decided it
-// (architecture.md § Log tailer). Only a row still "queued" is closed - a
-// result the log wrote an instant earlier stands (audit 2026-10-12, H3). It
-// returns the number of rows closed, 0 or 1.
+// (architecture.md § Log tailer). Only a row still open - "queued" or
+// "deferred" - is closed; a final result the log wrote an instant earlier
+// stands (audit 2026-10-12, H3). It returns the number of rows closed, 0 or 1.
 func (s *Store) CloseUnreported(id int64) (int64, error) {
 	now := time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)
 	res, err := s.db.Exec(
-		`UPDATE send_log SET status = ?, reason = ?, updated_at = ? WHERE id = ? AND status = ?`,
-		StatusBounced, ReasonReconcile, now, id, StatusQueued,
+		`UPDATE send_log SET status = ?, reason = ?, updated_at = ? WHERE id = ? AND status IN (?, ?)`,
+		StatusBounced, ReasonReconcile, now, id, StatusQueued, StatusDeferred,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("close unreported send_log row: %w", err)
@@ -178,6 +178,30 @@ func (s *Store) CloseUnreported(id int64) (int64, error) {
 	return n, nil
 }
 
+// ExpireMessage closes the rows of a message Postfix gave up on at the end of
+// its queue lifetime: each recipient's newest row with that queue id, if it
+// is still open ("queued" or "deferred"), becomes "bounced" - Postfix returns
+// the message to its sender. Postfix 3.7.11, src/qmgr/qmgr_active.c,
+// qmgr_active_done_25_generic(), logs expiry once per message, "<id>:
+// from=<..>, status=expired, returned to sender", with no line per
+// recipient: the recipients' last lines say "deferred" (assumptions A-8). It
+// returns the number of rows closed.
+func (s *Store) ExpireMessage(queueID string) (int64, error) {
+	now := time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)
+	res, err := s.db.Exec(
+		`UPDATE send_log SET status = ?, updated_at = ?
+		 WHERE status IN (?, ?) AND id IN (
+		   SELECT MAX(id) FROM send_log WHERE queue_id = ? AND status <> 'rejected'
+		   GROUP BY to_addr COLLATE NOCASE)`,
+		StatusBounced, now, StatusQueued, StatusDeferred, queueID,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("expire send_log rows of %s: %w", queueID, err)
+	}
+	n, _ := res.RowsAffected()
+	return n, nil
+}
+
 // QueuedDelivery is a send-log row still waiting for a delivery result,
 // reduced to what the log-tailer's reconcile sweep needs to look it up in the
 // Postfix queue and, failing that, to close it (architecture.md § Log tailer).
@@ -187,22 +211,25 @@ type QueuedDelivery struct {
 	To      string
 }
 
-// ListQueuedOlderThan returns the rows still marked "queued" that were accepted
-// before cutoff — old enough that Postfix should long since have reported a
-// result for them. Rows without a queue-id are skipped: the milter refused
-// those before Postfix ever saw the message, so the queue has nothing to say
-// about them.
+// ListOpenOlderThan returns the rows still open - "queued", or "deferred"
+// and waiting for the next attempt - that were accepted before cutoff, old
+// enough that Postfix should long since have reported a result for them or
+// still hold the message. Rows without a queue-id are skipped: the milter
+// refused those before Postfix ever saw the message, so the queue has
+// nothing to say about them. A deferred row is among them because Postfix
+// can drop a deferred message without a line per recipient: at expiry (one
+// line per message, ExpireMessage) and by postsuper -d (only "removed").
 //
 // created_at is stored as RFC3339 UTC, so a lexical comparison against the same
 // format is chronologically correct. SQLite 3.53.4 compares TEXT with the
 // BINARY collation, memcmp() (https://sqlite.org/datatype3.html § 7), and
 // time.RFC3339 of a UTC time is fixed-width, YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ.
-func (s *Store) ListQueuedOlderThan(cutoff time.Time) ([]QueuedDelivery, error) {
+func (s *Store) ListOpenOlderThan(cutoff time.Time) ([]QueuedDelivery, error) {
 	rows, err := s.db.Query(
 		`SELECT id, queue_id, to_addr FROM send_log
-		 WHERE status = ? AND queue_id <> '' AND created_at < ?
+		 WHERE status IN (?, ?) AND queue_id <> '' AND created_at < ?
 		 ORDER BY id`,
-		StatusQueued, cutoff.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
+		StatusQueued, StatusDeferred, cutoff.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list queued send_log rows: %w", err)
@@ -253,8 +280,10 @@ type SendLogRow struct {
 // AttachRefusalLine puts Postfix's line about a refusal at MAIL FROM on the
 // row the journal milter wrote for it (audit 2026-10-12, stage 2b). Such a
 // refusal has no queue id, and the line names no login, so the row is found
-// by what the line says: a refused row of that client and sender without a
-// line yet, written within two minutes of the line's time; the nearest in
+// by what the line says: a refused row of that client, login and sender
+// without a line yet - the login is smtpd's sasl_username= on the line, so
+// two applications behind one address sending as one sender are told apart
+// (assumptions A-21) - written within two minutes of the line's time; the nearest in
 // time, the oldest of equals, when there are several - lines are read in the
 // order the rows were written, so two refusals of one second take one line
 // each in turn (review of stage 2b). A line already on a row - read again
@@ -265,12 +294,13 @@ type SendLogRow struct {
 // reads YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ, the T and the Z included (lang_datefunc.html
 // § 2); NOCASE folds ASCII only (datatype3.html § 7.1); ?1 is bound once and
 // used twice (lang_expr.html § 4).
-func (s *Store) AttachRefusalLine(clientIP, from string, at time.Time, line string) (bool, error) {
+func (s *Store) AttachRefusalLine(clientIP, login, from string, at time.Time, line string) (bool, error) {
 	res, err := s.db.Exec(
 		`UPDATE send_log SET refusal_line = ?1 WHERE id = (
 			SELECT id FROM send_log
 			WHERE status = ?2 AND queue_id = '' AND refusal_line = ''
 			  AND reason IN ('', ?3, ?4) AND from_addr = ?5 COLLATE NOCASE AND client_ip = ?6
+			  AND app_login = ?10 COLLATE NOCASE
 			  AND created_at BETWEEN ?7 AND ?8
 			ORDER BY ABS(julianday(created_at) - julianday(?9)), id
 			LIMIT 1)
@@ -279,6 +309,7 @@ func (s *Store) AttachRefusalLine(clientIP, from string, at time.Time, line stri
 		at.Add(-refusalLineWindow).UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
 		at.Add(refusalLineWindow).UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
 		at.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
+		login,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, fmt.Errorf("attach refusal line: %w", err)
@@ -452,7 +483,7 @@ func sendLogWhere(f SendLogFilter) (string, []any) {
 // implementing the configurable retention window (architecture.md §
 // Persistence, SEND_LOG_RETENTION_DAYS). It returns the number of rows pruned.
 // created_at is stored as RFC3339 UTC, so a lexical comparison against the
-// same format is chronologically correct (see ListQueuedOlderThan).
+// same format is chronologically correct (see ListOpenOlderThan).
 func (s *Store) DeleteSendLogBefore(cutoff time.Time) (int64, error) {
 	res, err := s.db.Exec(
 		`DELETE FROM send_log WHERE created_at < ?`,
diff --git a/internal/store/sendlog_test.go b/internal/store/sendlog_test.go
index 5be0f22..fce6b43 100644
--- a/internal/store/sendlog_test.go
+++ b/internal/store/sendlog_test.go
@@ -142,6 +142,72 @@ func TestCloseUnreportedClosesOnlyQueuedRows(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// Postfix's expiry line closes the message's open rows - each recipient's
+// newest, queued or deferred - and leaves a final result, a refusal and an
+// older message that had the same queue id alone (assumptions A-8).
+func TestExpireMessageClosesOnlyOpenRows(t *testing.T) {
+	st := openTestStore(t)
+	for _, e := range []SendLogEntry{
+		{QueueID: "OLDQ", To: "a@example.net"}, // an earlier message, same id
+		{QueueID: "Q1", To: "a@example.net"},
+		{QueueID: "Q1", To: "b@example.net"},
+		{QueueID: "Q1", To: "c@example.net"},
+	} {
+		if err := st.InsertQueued(e); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	if _, err := st.db.Exec(`UPDATE send_log SET queue_id = 'Q1' WHERE queue_id = 'OLDQ'`); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, err := st.UpdateStatus("Q1", "a@example.net", StatusDeferred); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, err := st.UpdateStatus("Q1", "c@example.net", StatusSent); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if n, err := st.ExpireMessage("Q1"); err != nil || n != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("ExpireMessage = %d, %v; want 2 (a deferred, b queued)", n, err)
+	}
+	rows, err := st.db.Query(`SELECT to_addr, status FROM send_log ORDER BY id`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	var got []string
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var to, status string
+		if err := rows.Scan(&to, &status); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		got = append(got, to+" "+status)
+	}
+	want := []string{
+		"a@example.net " + StatusQueued, // the earlier message's row
+		"a@example.net " + StatusBounced,
+		"b@example.net " + StatusBounced,
+		"c@example.net " + StatusSent,
+	}
+	if strings.Join(got, "; ") != strings.Join(want, "; ") {
+		t.Fatalf("rows = %v, want %v", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// The sweep closes a deferred row as it closes a queued one: Postfix can drop
+// a deferred message without a line per recipient.
+func TestCloseUnreportedClosesADeferredRow(t *testing.T) {
+	st := openTestStore(t)
+	if err := st.InsertQueued(SendLogEntry{QueueID: "Q1", To: "a@example.net"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, err := st.UpdateStatus("Q1", "a@example.net", StatusDeferred); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if n, err := st.CloseUnreported(rowID(t, st, "Q1")); err != nil || n != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("CloseUnreported of a deferred row = %d, %v; want 1", n, err)
+	}
+}
+
 // A delivery line about a row the sweep closed proves the sweep guessed what
 // the log could have said: the log's status wins, the row is marked
 // reconcile-contradicted, and the day counts one contradiction - once,
@@ -205,7 +271,7 @@ func TestUpdateStatusRewritesOnlyTheNewestRow(t *testing.T) {
 // reported on them by now. A message accepted moments ago is simply in flight,
 // and one the milter refused never reached the queue at all, so neither is the
 // sweep's business.
-func TestListQueuedOlderThan(t *testing.T) {
+func TestListOpenOlderThan(t *testing.T) {
 	st := openTestStore(t)
 
 	for _, e := range []SendLogEntry{
@@ -232,9 +298,9 @@ func TestListQueuedOlderThan(t *testing.T) {
 	backdate(t, st, "OLD1", cutoff.Add(-time.Hour))
 	backdate(t, st, "DONE1", cutoff.Add(-time.Hour))
 
-	got, err := st.ListQueuedOlderThan(cutoff)
+	got, err := st.ListOpenOlderThan(cutoff)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("ListQueuedOlderThan: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("ListOpenOlderThan: %v", err)
 	}
 	if len(got) != 1 || got[0] != (QueuedDelivery{ID: got[0].ID, QueueID: "OLD1", To: "stale@example.net"}) {
 		t.Fatalf("got %+v, want only the stale queued row", got)
diff --git a/internal/store/sessions.go b/internal/store/sessions.go
index 9ca96c1..08b609a 100644
--- a/internal/store/sessions.go
+++ b/internal/store/sessions.go
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func (s *Store) DeleteUserSessions(userID int64) error {
 // forever. It piggybacks on session creation rather than running as its own
 // background loop.
 // expires_at is RFC3339 UTC text, so < compares moments (see
-// ListQueuedOlderThan).
+// ListOpenOlderThan).
 func (s *Store) DeleteExpiredSessions(now time.Time) (int64, error) {
 	res, err := s.db.Exec(`DELETE FROM sessions WHERE expires_at < ?`, now.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339))
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/internal/web/handlers/handlers_users_test.go b/internal/web/handlers/handlers_users_test.go
index f57db85..dc47d39 100644
--- a/internal/web/handlers/handlers_users_test.go
+++ b/internal/web/handlers/handlers_users_test.go
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ func TestARefusedMessageShowsPostfixsLine(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		if subject == "with its line" {
 			line := time.Now().UTC().Format("2006-01-02T15:04:05Z") + " mail postfix/smtpd[2131]: NOQUEUE: milter-reject: MAIL from unknown[198.51.100.7]: 451 4.7.1 Service unavailable - try again later; from=<alerts@example.org> proto=ESMTP helo=<app>"
-			if ok, err := st.AttachRefusalLine("198.51.100.7", "alerts@example.org", time.Now(), line); err != nil || !ok {
+			if ok, err := st.AttachRefusalLine("198.51.100.7", "alerts", "alerts@example.org", time.Now(), line); err != nil || !ok {
 				t.Fatalf("attach = %v, %v", ok, err)
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/internal/web/view/outbound_log.go b/internal/web/view/outbound_log.go
index 7c36b84..d869a8b 100644
--- a/internal/web/view/outbound_log.go
+++ b/internal/web/view/outbound_log.go
@@ -262,7 +262,10 @@ func NewOutMessage(m Meta, in MessageInput) *OutMessage {
 			history.Help = topicLink(HelpSenderCheck, "What an application may write in From:")
 		}
 		if in.Recovered {
-			facts = append(facts, Fact{Label: "Written", Value: Rich("from ", Code("mail.log"), " after a restart: the panel stopped before it wrote the refusal")})
+			// cleanup's line names the message's last recipient only (Postfix
+			// 3.7.11, src/cleanup/cleanup_milter.c, cleanup_milter_apply(),
+			// " to=<%s>" of state->recip; assumptions A-15).
+			facts = append(facts, Fact{Label: "Written", Value: Rich("from ", Code("mail.log"), " after a restart: the panel stopped before it wrote the refusal. Postfix's line names the last recipient only")})
 		}
 		if in.QueueID != "" {
 			facts = append(facts, Fact{Label: "Queue id", Value: Rich(Mono(in.QueueID), " - given, the message was not queued")})
diff --git a/test/e2e/delivery_log_test.go b/test/e2e/delivery_log_test.go
index d91fee2..1e4916a 100644
--- a/test/e2e/delivery_log_test.go
+++ b/test/e2e/delivery_log_test.go
@@ -78,3 +78,75 @@ func testDeliveryLogSurvivesRotation(t *testing.T, sc *scenario) {
 		t.Fatalf("after mail.log was rotated: %v", err)
 	}
 }
+
+// testExpiredMessageIsClosed: a message Postfix gives up on is closed as
+// bounced. Postfix logs expiry once per message, "<id>: from=<..>,
+// status=expired, returned to sender" (here "force-expired"), and no line per
+// recipient (Postfix 3.7.11, src/qmgr/qmgr_active.c,
+// qmgr_active_done_25_generic(); assumptions A-8). The queue lifetime cannot
+// be waited out, so the message is deferred by hand - defer_transports=smtp,
+// under which qmgr hands the recipient to the retry service, "4.3.2 deferred
+// transport" (src/qmgr/qmgr_message.c, qmgr_message_resolve()) - and then
+// forced to expire: postsuper -e marks it, postqueue -i has qmgr look at it
+// at once (man/man1/postsuper.1, postqueue.1).
+func testExpiredMessageIsClosed(t *testing.T, sc *scenario) {
+	exec := func(args ...string) {
+		t.Helper()
+		if out, err := h.execIn("selfpost", args...); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: %v\n%s", strings.Join(args, " "), err, out)
+		}
+	}
+	exec("postconf", "-e", "defer_transports=smtp")
+	exec("postfix", "reload")
+	defer func() {
+		// The bounce to the sender waits behind the same setting.
+		h.execIn("selfpost", "postconf", "-e", "defer_transports=")
+		h.execIn("selfpost", "postfix", "reload")
+		h.execIn("selfpost", "postqueue", "-f")
+	}()
+
+	token := uniqueToken("expire")
+	if res := attemptSend(sendAttempt{
+		authLogin: sc.appLogin, authPassword: sc.appPassword,
+		from: "alerts@" + senderDomain, headerFrom: "alerts@" + senderDomain, to: recipient,
+		subject: "e2e " + token, body: "deferred, then expired",
+	}); !res.ok() {
+		t.Fatalf("send: %v", res.firstErr())
+	}
+	row := func() (string, error) {
+		return asPanel(`import sqlite3,sys
+r=sqlite3.connect("/data/selfpost.db").execute("select queue_id, status from send_log where subject like ? order by id desc",("%"+sys.argv[1]+"%",)).fetchone()
+print("" if r is None else r[0]+" "+r[1])`, token)
+	}
+	var queueID string
+	if err := waitFor("the row to be deferred", 30*time.Second, 500*time.Millisecond, func() (bool, error) {
+		out, err := row()
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+		if f := strings.Fields(out); len(f) == 2 && f[1] == "deferred" {
+			queueID = f[0]
+			return true, nil
+		}
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("row %q", out)
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	exec("postsuper", "-e", queueID)
+	exec("postqueue", "-i", queueID)
+	if err := waitFor("the expired message's row to be bounced", 30*time.Second, 500*time.Millisecond, func() (bool, error) {
+		out, err := row()
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+		return out == queueID+" bounced", fmt.Errorf("row %q", out)
+	}); err != nil {
+		out, _ := h.execIn("selfpost", "grep", queueID, "/data/log/mail.log")
+		t.Fatalf("%v\nmail.log:\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+	out, err := h.execIn("selfpost", "grep", queueID+": from=<alerts@"+senderDomain+">, status=force-expired, returned to sender", "/data/log/mail.log")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("no expiry line in mail.log: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/test/e2e/main_test.go b/test/e2e/main_test.go
index 4c5a9bd..c2d0a34 100644
--- a/test/e2e/main_test.go
+++ b/test/e2e/main_test.go
@@ -345,6 +345,9 @@ func TestE2E(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// From here on the installation is no longer the one the run started: it
 	// is restored from its own backup, then switched to accept mail on port 25.
+	run("expired_message_is_closed", func(t *testing.T) {
+		testExpiredMessageIsClosed(t, sc)
+	})
 	run("full_backup_restore", func(t *testing.T) {
 		testFullBackupRestore(t, sc)
 	})