from-header-binding: the sender check, what it costs, its pages; guide, architecture, security

A message's From: line is held against the application that sends it, under
the rule Postfix holds the envelope sender to. OpenDKIM chooses the key by
that line, so until now an application could have mail signed as another
domain of the server or as the server itself.

The check (internal/milter/sender.go)
- A role of the panel on a socket of its own (SENDER_CHECK_SOCKET), first in
  smtpd_milters and strict: default_action=tempfail. The journal milter keeps
  its socket and stays fail-open. postfix-wrapper waits for the new socket.
- It reads no database: what an application may send as comes from Postfix's
  own sender_login_maps, what the server signs for from OpenDKIM's
  SigningTable. Both are read again when they change; one that cannot be
  read defers mail.
- One From: field, one address, allowed by the envelope's lookup; then no
  other name of the SigningTable may appear anywhere in the raw line.
  Refused: 550 5.7.1 naming the line, reduced to printable ASCII.
- A refusal is a send-log row with reason "from" and the header address
  (migration 0006), written by another goroutine and not waited for. The
  journal's refusals record their reason too (limit, client), and the
  notifier takes only a limit's.

What it costs (docs/plans/from-header-binding.md, Statistics)
- The role marks itself alive every 2 s; at start the gap since the mark is
  downtime, counted from Postfix's start if later and not at all when
  supervisord says Postfix is not running.
- The log tailer counts the connections Postfix turned away: a warning that
  names the socket, then milter-reject "Service unavailable" from the same
  smtpd. Seen on the stand: the client is refused from CONNECT on and leaves
  at AUTH (454), so no MAIL line is ever written.
- sender_check_days, a row per UTC day, kept a year.

Pages
- Health: the card "Sender check", the socket's row, and the cards layout -
  boxes numbered by importance in two stacks read in rows; the left stack
  polls, the three readings of the right one are swapped in by id.
- Outbound log: a refused row says why in its tag (wrong From, wrong client,
  rate-limited); the message's page shows the From: line and what the
  application may send as.
- Help: topic "Sender check", word for word the mockup's.

Found by the stand, fixed here: the names for the second look came from the
sender bindings, and a domain with a key and no application yet was not
among them.

e2e: negative_journal_milter_fail_open is gone - it proved that mail passes
with the panel down, which is no longer so. In its place
sender_check_holds_the_from_line (another domain's From:, the hostname's, a
stranger's, an address off the list, another sender in the display name -
refused; own addresses - delivered) and panel_down_defers_mail (4xx with the
panel stopped, the container alive, mail again after, downtime and one
deferred message on Health, the card warning).

Test server, this tree before the last cosmetic edits (a fixture row, a
fact's size, docs): go vet ok, go test 23 packages ok, make e2e ok (337 s).
Locally after them: internal/web/view ok.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

internal/web/view/outbound_log_test.go

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ func TestOutLogShowsTheRowsAndTheirFilters(t *testing.T) {
 		`<th>Time, UTC</th>`, `09-21 14:01:52`,
 		`shop@<wbr>shop.example.org`, `m.keller@<wbr>gmx.de`, `title="[FIRING] disk usage above 90 % on db-2"`,
 		`<span class="tag is-success is-light">sent</span>`, `<span class="tag is-warning is-light">deferred</span>`,
-		`<span class="tag is-danger is-light">bounced</span>`, `<span class="tag is-light">rejected</span>`,
+		`<span class="tag is-danger is-light">bounced</span>`, `<span class="tag is-light">rate-limited</span>`, `<span class="tag is-danger is-light">wrong From</span>`,
 		`href="/outbound/log/184220">Details</a>`,
 		`Page 1 of 412`, `<a href="/outbound/log?p=2">Older →</a>`, `New rows appear on their own`,
 	)
@@ -114,7 +114,8 @@ func TestOutMessageShowsWhatTheJournalRecorded(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 // A message without a subject is named for it, and a row with nothing to show
-// for a field shows a dash.
+// for a field shows a dash. A refused row has no queue id and says so; one
+// from before the reason was recorded is plainly "rejected".
 func TestOutMessageWithoutSubjectOrRecipient(t *testing.T) {
 	at := time.Date(2026, 9, 21, 13, 58, 7, 0, time.UTC)
 	p := NewOutMessage(admin(), MessageInput{ID: 9, Domain: "gone.example", App: "old", Status: "rejected", Accepted: at, Reported: at,
@@ -123,9 +124,40 @@ func TestOutMessageWithoutSubjectOrRecipient(t *testing.T) {
 	out := renderSignedIn(t, "out-message", p)
 	pageHas(t, "Message", out, `<h1 class="title is-4">(no subject)</h1>`, `<span>—</span><i class="ti ti-arrow-right sp-muted"></i><span>—</span>`,
 		`<span class="tag is-light">rejected</span>`, `href="/outbound/log?domain=gone.example&amp;p=2"`,
-		`<dd>gone.example</dd>`, `<dd class="sp-mono">old</dd>`, `<dd class="sp-mono">—</dd>`,
+		`<dd>gone.example</dd>`, `<dd class="sp-mono">old</dd>`, `<dt>Refused</dt>`, `<dd>none - never queued</dd>`,
 		`never reached the queue`)
-	pageLacks(t, "Message", out, `<pre`, `<a href="/outbound/domains/`)
+	pageLacks(t, "Message", out, `<pre`, `<a href="/outbound/domains/`, `Status reported`, `From: line`)
+}
+
+// A row refused for its From: line says so in its tag, shows what the line
+// said, and its History links to the topic that explains the rule.
+func TestOutMessageRefusedForItsFromLine(t *testing.T) {
+	at := time.Date(2026, 9, 21, 13, 40, 55, 0, time.UTC)
+	p := NewOutMessage(admin(), MessageInput{ID: 184231, Domain: "shop.example.org", App: "shop",
+		From: "shop@shop.example.org", To: "k.berg@web.de", Subject: "A message from the director",
+		Status: "rejected", Reason: "from", HeaderFrom: "director@example.org", Accepted: at, Reported: at}).
+		WithDeliveryLog(nil, "This message never reached the queue, so Postfix wrote no delivery lines for it.")
+	out := renderSignedIn(t, "out-message", p)
+	pageHas(t, "Message", out, `<span class="tag is-danger is-light">wrong From</span>`,
+		`<dt>From: line</dt><dd class="sp-mono sp-small">director@example.org</dd>`, `<dt>Refused</dt>`,
+		`<dd>none - never queued</dd>`, `href="/help#sender-check"`)
+}
+
+func TestSendLogTag(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		status, reason string
+		want           Tag
+	}{
+		{"sent", "", Tag{Status: "sent"}},
+		{"rejected", "", Tag{Status: "rejected"}},
+		{"rejected", "limit", Tag{Status: "rate-limited"}},
+		{"rejected", "from", Tag{Status: "reject", Label: "wrong From"}},
+		{"rejected", "client", Tag{Status: "reject", Label: "wrong client"}},
+	} {
+		if got := SendLogTag(c.status, c.reason); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("SendLogTag(%q, %q) = %+v, want %+v", c.status, c.reason, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 func TestOutMessageEscapesWhatSendersWrote(t *testing.T) {